Fatal pneumomediastinum associated with use of noninvasive mechanical ventilation

We present a case of fatal pneumomediastinum in a patient with acute respiratory failure caused by acute exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) precipitated by noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV). To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature. NIMV is very useful to treat acute respiratory failure due to AECOPD improving survival and avoiding endotracheal intubation. Use of NIMV in end stage ILD is not standardized and efficacy is to be proven. No data are reported to manage patient with concomitant COPD and ILD. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this fatal complication are explained and suggestions to treat this subgroup of patients discussed.